Articles about software and its use. Why license software or "do I need it?"

The number of programs that are installed on a modern computer is hundreds and even thousands. They allow the user to work comfortably.

Definition 1

The whole set of programs constitutes the so-called computer software. Compound software computer is its most important functional characteristic. Software ( Software) is the set:

• permanent use programs necessary to solve user problems,
• programs that allow the most efficient use of computer technology, providing users with the greatest convenience in work and a minimum of labor costs for programming tasks and processing information,
• technical program documentation for them.

Definition 2

Technical documentation− a set of documents used in the design and creation of software and hardware. Computer program− description of the algorithm for solving problems and, which is specified in the programming language and is automatically translated into the machine language of a particular computer with the help of a translator.

Software (SW) is a continuation of hardware, an integral part of computer system. Even if the program does not seem to interact with the hardware in any way, does not request input from an input device, and does not perform output to output devices, in fact, its work is needed to control the hardware devices of the computer.

Depending on what work is supposed to be performed on the computer, the composition of the software, or the software configuration, is selected. Most programs work by relying on other lower-level programs, i.e. there is a relationship between them, or an interprogram interface. This interface is based on specifications and protocols of interaction and is provided by the distribution of software into several categories that interact with each other.

Software levels (bottom to top):

1. Basic software - basic level
2. System software - system level
3. Application software
4. Toolkit of programming technologies

Each overlying level increases the functionality of the entire system.

All software can be conditionally divided into four categories.

Basic software is the minimum set software tools, which ensure the operation of the computer; are responsible for interaction with the basic software (they are part of the basic equipment and are stored in special microcircuits). These chips are called Read Only Memory (ROM). ROM is volatile memory. Programs and data are written ("flashed") into ROM chips at the production stage; such chips cannot be changed during the computer's lifespan.

Picture 1.

If there is a need to change the basic software during the operation of the computer, then instead of ROM chips, PROM chips are used - reprogrammable read-only memory devices (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory). Then the change in the contents of the EPROM can be done in the computer system itself (flash technology) or on a special device called a programmer. The basic software also includes the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) − base system input/output), which determines the progress of the computer boot process. Only after this, the operating system of the personal computer is loaded, and its further work is already under the control of the operating system. During work computer BIOS provides basic I / O information and interaction functions various devices between themselves. This is a set of microprograms that first test (POST) the equipment located on the motherboard, then further launch the operating system and ensure the interaction of all computer components. In modern computers, some boards (video card, sound card, etc.) have their own BIOS chips on the expansion motherboard (other than the main BIOS chip). When configuring the main BIOS, you can enable or disable the use of BIOS expansion cards. Main BIOS features include:

• testing the computer using special test programs when the power is turned on;
• searching for and connecting to the system other BIOSes that are located on expansion cards;
• distribution of resources between computer components.

Physically BIOS- This is a set of chips of permanent memory (ROM, Read Memory - read-only) located on the motherboard. The programs contained in the system BIOS ensure the interaction of chipset chips, RAM, cache memory, processor with external (peripheral) devices, as well as with each other. When the hardware is initialized and tested, the BIOS compares the received system configuration data with the information stored in the CMOS chip. If a discrepancy/failure is found, the system issues a message on the monitor or an error beep. The CMOS chip is located on the motherboard. This is a volatile memory that needs to be powered by a special battery.

System software (System Software) are programs and software systems for the operation of a computer and telecommunications equipment. The system software serves:

• to create an operating environment for the operation of other programs;
• to ensure reliable and effective work computer and telecommunication network;
• for diagnostics of computer hardware and networks;
• for archiving data, copying, restoring program files and databases, etc.

System software (SW) essentially performs the functions of an "organizer" of all PC components, as well as peripheral devices connected to it. System software must be reliable, technologically advanced, convenient and efficient to use. SPO is divided into basic and service.

Figure 2.

The basic software is usually purchased with the computer, while the service software can be purchased separately.

Application software (application program package) - a set of interconnected programs designed to solve specific problems of a particular subject area, written for users or by users themselves, for example, an expert system or a program for creating mailing lists. This is the most numerous class of software products.

Toolkit of programming technologies(ITP) facilitates the process of creating new programs for the computer. With the help of ITP, new programs are being developed, because this toolkit contains specialized software products. These products are developer's tools and must support all technological stages of the process of creating (designing, programming, debugging and testing) new programs. The programming system includes the following software components: text editor, translator from the corresponding language, linker (linker), debugger, subroutine libraries. It is important to know and understand that any ITP can only work in the OS for which it was created, but at the same time it allows you to develop software for other OSes.

ITP is divided into the following subcategories:

1. Tools for creating applications. They include the software developer IDEs required to perform the software development work and the on-premises tools required to perform the individual software development activities;
2. СASE technologies(Computed Aided Software Engineering) is a program designer system using a computer, which includes methods for analyzing, designing and creating software systems. CASE-technologies are designed to automate the development and implementation processes information systems. This is a whole software package that automates the entire technological process (analysis, design, development and maintenance of complex software systems).

When compiling the classification, we immediately make a reservation that very fast development computer science and the expansion of the scope of computers led to the evolution of software. If earlier it was easy to distribute operating systems, compilers and application packages between the main categories of software, now the situation is completely different: software development has gone both in breadth (application programs have acquired independent value and have ceased to be applied), and in depth (completely new approaches to building operating systems, etc. have appeared).

The balance between required and available software products is changing rapidly. Even traditional software products are constantly evolving. For example, operating systems can simulate those types of human activities that have always been considered intelligent. Programs have appeared that are difficult, and sometimes impossible, to classify according to the usual criteria, a program is an electronic interlocutor, for example, or computer vision, which is also associated with robotics, or the field of machine learning, which includes a fairly large class of tasks for pattern recognition (character recognition, handwriting, speech, text analysis).

Remark 1

We can say that today, more or less definitely, the following groups of software can be distinguished:

• operating systems and their shells (text or graphic);
• programming systems (debuggers, compilers, libraries of subroutines, etc.);
• instrumental technological systems;
• integrated software packages;
• computer graphics systems (raster, vector, 3D graphics, CAD);
• dynamic spreadsheets;
• database management systems (DBMS).

In conclusion, we can say that almost every classification is not the only one possible.

In accordance with the legal position of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, set out in the Resolution of the Presidium of June 16, 2009 N 2578/2009, based on the systematic interpretation of Articles 1270, 1272, 1280, 1286 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the use of a computer program is the performance of actions in relation to it in order to extract its useful properties.

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 1259, art. 1261 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, computer programs are protected by copyright as literary works. The author or other copyright holder of the software has the exclusive right to use it in any way that does not contradict the law, including those listed in paragraph 2 of Art. 1270 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, with the exception of cases of free use of the work, expressly provided for by law. This norm does not contain a closed list of actions that are considered to be the use of a work, however, it is the main guideline for determining the fact of using a computer program in disputable situations.

In particular, computer programs as separate objects of copyright may include cases of reproduction, distribution of a work, import of the original or copies for distribution purposes, rental of the original or copy of the work (when the program is the main object of rental), translation or other processing of the work (clauses 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, clause 2 of article 1270 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Other ways of using computer programs, such as broadcasting, public display, etc. possible in relation to the constituent elements of the program, for example, audiovisual displays (Article 1261 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), which can be protected as independent objects of copyright (clause 7 of Article 1259 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, within the framework of the issue under consideration, it is advisable to reveal the main possibilities for using computer programs as such and to identify the main approaches in judicial practice.

Playback of a computer program

In accordance with paragraphs. 1 p. 2 art. 1270 use is the reproduction of a work, that is, the production of one or more copies of a work or part of it in any material form. In this case, the reproduction of a computer program is its recording on an electronic medium, including in the computer memory, except for cases when such a recording is temporary and forms an integral part of the technological process, which has the sole purpose of the legitimate use of the recording. In particular, such "technical" reproduction takes place when a computer program or part of it is recorded in RAM computer.

In jurisprudence, the vast majority of cases of software use by reproduction relate to its illegal reproduction and installation on computer devices defendants. One of the most effective ways confirmation of this fact is the conduct of inspections and other operational-search activities with the subsequent seizure and examination of such devices as part of the initiation of a criminal case, as well as the conduct of a subsequent expert study. At the same time, according to the common judicial approach, it does not matter whether the software was used or not, as well as the presence / absence of documents or other files created with its help. However, there may be exceptions under certain circumstances. For example, the Intellectual Property Court, in its judgments dated June 19, 2015 in case No. A33-12895/2014 and dated March 12, 2014 in case No. A01-246/2013, recognized that there was no violation when recording the plaintiff’s program on the defendant’s system units, since it was established, among others, that the defendant was unable to launch and use the program.

An infringement of the exclusive right will also be the reproduction of the program in a larger volume than was granted under the license agreement ("overlicensing"). For example, in case No. A40-22345/2013, the Intellectual Property Court, by its decision of December 23, 2013, found it illegal for the defendant to create a second copy when, under the contract, he had the right to use only one copy of the program.

Distribution of a computer program by selling or otherwise alienating its original or copies

The Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court in the Information Letter dated 13.12.07 No. 122 explained that, taking into account the provisions of Art. 494 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the use of exclusive rights in the form of distribution is, among other things, an offer for sale and sale of a copy of a work, committed by a person engaged in entrepreneurial activities in the sale of goods at retail. The fact of such distribution, committed in violation of the requirements of the law, can be proved, for example, by presenting a disk purchased in a store with recorded counterfeit software, a cash receipt, a report by a private detective who conducted the purchase, interrogation of witnesses to the purchase; It is also essential to confirm that the counterfeit disc does not match the licensed disc (differences in the quality of printing, lack of information about the copyright holder, means of individualization, license numbers, etc.).

Also, the purchase and supply of counterfeit software in the framework of public procurement is considered illegal distribution, which can be confirmed by tender documentation.

Rental of the original or copy of the computer program

By virtue of paragraph 4 of Art. 1270 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the exclusive right to rent the original or copies of a work does not apply to a computer program, except in cases where such a program is the main object of rental. This provision is in line with Art. 1272 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, according to which further distribution of copies of a computer program is allowed without the consent of the copyright holder in the event of their lawful introduction into civil circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation by sale or other alienation. However, in some cases, when leasing computers with the software of the copyright holder installed on them in order to generate income without concluding a special written agreement with the latter on leasing the software to third parties, it may be recognized as an administrative offense, liability for which is established by Part 1 of Art. 7.12 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

Processing (modification) of a computer program

With regard to computer programs, processing (modification) means any changes(including translation from one programming language to another), with the exception of adaptation, which is the introduction of changes carried out solely for the purpose of functioning of a computer program on specific technical means user or under the control of specific user programs. It should be noted that adaptation can only be performed by a person who legally owns a copy of the program. This permitted use of the computer program is not intended to create new program, but on the disclosure of the functionality of the existing one, it is in most cases a necessary step for the possibility of using the program by a computer in order to achieve interoperability.

In Russian practice, courts usually investigate, with the involvement of experts, the existence of processing in respect of source code programs, in particular, when borrowings are detected (separate fragments of the source code are copied) or dependencies of works (the defendant's source code was written on the basis of the plaintiff's code) . In this case, in the absence of a study of the source code, the court may not recognize the fact of violation of the exclusive right.

Any changes, in addition to the above, can also be understood as the modification of the starter program in the computer program in order to overcome technical protection to use the computer program. In practice, a controversial question often arises as to whether the disputed computer program is an independent development or the result of a modification of the copyright holder's program, for the study of which a special examination is assigned.

It is noteworthy that the judicial practice on the processing of such software products as Adobe, 1C, Microsoft Windows not found, since in this case, as a rule, only finished products are used. In addition, these companies distribute their software primarily in the form of object code, while modifying the program requires access to the source code.

The use of software without acquiring the appropriate powers (concluding a license agreement, an alienation agreement, by way of universal succession) is a violation of the exclusive right (clause 1, article 1229, 1301 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

In particular, the decision of the SIP dated November 19, 2013 in case N A40-10750/2013 states that, since the computer program is neither a static nor an audiovisual work, in connection with which there are no signs of a public display of the Smeta.ru software complex in the defendant's actions.

Determination of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of September 14, 2012 No. VAS-8654/12 in case No. A32-29617 / 2017, decisions of the SIP of July 1, 2015 in case No. A53-37035 / 2012, of June 25, 2015 in case No. A42-4348 / 2014, of August 5, 2014 in the case No. A63-5004/2013, dated April 10, 2014 in case No. A76-13105/2013, etc.

In addition, it has not been established that system blocks with the plaintiff's software do not belong to the defendant, who, at the time of the hearing of the case, entered into the necessary license agreements with the plaintiff for the use of similar software. At the same time, it should be noted that this position is controversial in correlation with international law: the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the right to reproduce, as defined in Art. 9 of the Berne Convention, and the exceptions permitted by that article are fully applicable in the digital environment, in particular with regard to the use of works in digital form. Thus, the storage of a work in digital form in electronic means is a reproduction within the meaning of Art. 9 of the Berne Convention.

Software is a set of programs designed to solve problems on a computer. A program is an ordered set of instructions. Software and Hardware work interrelatedly and in continuous interaction. Any hardware device is controlled by software.

Software can be divided into three classes: system, application and instrumental. The above classification is rather conditional. Software integration has led to the fact that almost any program has the features of each class.

System software is designed to control the operation of a computer, distribute its resources, maintain a dialogue with users, assist them in maintaining a computer, and also partially automate the development of new programs.

System software is a set of programs, many of which come with a computer and its documentation. System software can be divided into three main parts: operating systems (OS), programming systems, and utility programs.

The main components of system-wide software are: operating systems that solve the problems of the interconnected functioning of individual components.

There are 4 types of operating systems:

batch processing operating systems: a relatively high speed of logical and automatic operations, but in turn had an input and output speed, the processor load was 20 - 30%.

operating system with the distribution of tasks by time (the queue of input and output of tasks is organized, and up to 15 users are served and the processor is loaded by 80-90%).

a real-time operating system used to manage various processes.

System software controls the operation of the computer system. As a rule, system programs ensure the interaction of other programs with hardware components, the organization of the user interface. This includes operating systems, service systems.

Application software is designed to solve applied problems of a person's professional activity (that is, attached to practice). The range of such programs is extremely wide: from industrial and scientific training and entertainment. This includes calculation, training, simulation programs, computer games, etc.

Tool software is intended for development of all kinds of information software. At the same time, information support is understood as a set of pre-prepared data necessary for the operation of the software. For example, any modern program has built-in help for working with this program. The help file is Information Support. Instrumental software includes: editors (text, graphics, music), spreadsheet data processing systems (spreadsheet processors), database management systems, programming language translators, integrated production systems, etc.

Programming systems are designed to facilitate and partially automate the process of developing and debugging programs. The main components of these systems are translators from high-level languages, such as Pascal, C, BASIC, etc. Assemblers play a special role. An assembly language program is called a machine-oriented program. Assembly language is used, as a rule, by system programmers.

Translators convert programs from high-level languages ​​to machine language. In addition, translators, of course, parse the program that is being translated. They can also improve and optimize the programs they receive, issue documentation for the program, and perform a number of other service functions.

Assemblies turn programs that are presented in machine-oriented languages ​​into machine language.

Service programs expand the capabilities of the OS. They are, of course, called utilities. Utilities allow, for example, to check information in hex code, which is stored in separate sectors of magnetic disks; organize printer output text files in a certain format, perform archiving and unzipping files, etc.

In the structure of application software, one can single out: application programs of both general and special purposes.

General-purpose application software is a set of programs that has become widespread among various categories of users. The most famous among them are: text editors, graphics systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, etc.

Text editors allow you to prepare text documents: technical descriptions, office letters, articles, etc. The most famous text editors are:

Lexicon, Write, Word.

Graphics systems are numerous and their functions are varied. Among them are business graphics systems (Microsoft PowerPoint, Lotus Freelance Graphics), artistic graphics, which are also called simply graphic editors (Paintbrush), engineering graphics and computer-aided design (Autodesk AutoCad), photographic image processing systems ( Adobe Photoshop), as well as universal graphics systems (CorelDRAW!).

Programs for working with spreadsheets (ET) allow you to solve a wide range of problems associated with numerical calculations. The most widely used programs of this class are Supercalk, Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3.

Database management systems (DBMS) are designed to combine data sets in order to create a single information model object. These programs allow you to accumulate, update, correct, delete, sort information organized by a special tool in the form of a data bank. The most common DBMS: dBase III Plus, FoxBase +, Slirrer, Oracle, Acces, FoxPro, Paradox.

In addition to the listed systems, integrated systems should also be included in general-purpose application software. These systems combine the capabilities of text editors, graphics systems, spreadsheets and database management systems. The main advantage of integrated systems over separate systems general-purpose application software is that they create uniform rules for the user, that is, they have a single interface both when working with text and when working with spreadsheets, etc. The most famous among them are: Microsoft Works, Microsoft Office, Lotus SmartSuite, Perfect Office.

Application programs for special purposes are used in specific activities of users.

The functions of specific systems depend on their purpose. For example, for educational systems, these may be development tools computer lessons(hypermedia and hypertext systems, copyright and other systems), simulation modeling programs for educational purposes, programs for the development and support of the school schedule, pedagogical tools for various purposes, etc.

Special-purpose applications can also include application software packages (APPs), which are widely used, for example, for statistical processing data, accounting, calculation of building structures, etc. The presence of a variety of software applications in the computer allows you to solve a significant part of simple applied problems, almost without programming. In this case, the task for solving a particular problem is written in the form of a directive in a special problem-oriented language and reported to the computer.
List of used literature
computer program system tool
1. Informatics for lawyers and economists / Simonovich S.V. and others - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001. - 688 p.
2. Figurnov V.E. IBM PC for the user. Short course. Ed. 7th. G.: INFRA-M, 1997, 432 p.
3. Yu. Shafrin. Computer science. Information technology: in 2 hours. G.: Laboratory of Basic Knowledge, 2001.

Option 8

Subject: Basic (system) PC software

1. Purpose of system software and its classification

Traditionally, all software is divided into two classes:

1) system software (SW) and

2) applied (user) software (PPO)

We single out one more class (rather a group) of programs - special software for information and control systems.

Application programs are designed to solve functional problems, they process information from various subject areas.

This is the most numerous class of software products.

Special software for information and control systems includes

programs (systems) for database management;

programs for managing the interface language of information systems;

programs for the collection and preliminary processing of information (in information-measuring systems, for example, on-board systems).

Software of this class is often hidden as part of hardware drivers or comes in the form of functional extension libraries for programming languages.

Therefore, such software is often referred to as system software.

System software (System Software) - a set of programs and software systems to ensure the operation of a computer and computer networks.

Open source software manages the resources of a computer system and allows users to program in more expressive languages ​​than the computer's machine language. The composition of open source software depends little on the nature of the user's tasks to be solved.

The system software is intended for:

creating an operating environment for the functioning of other programs (in other words, for organizing the execution of programs);

automation of development (creation) of new programs;

ensuring reliable and efficient operation of the computer itself and the computer network;

diagnostics and prevention of computer hardware and computer networks;

performing auxiliary technological processes (copying, archiving, restoring program files and databases, etc.).

This class of software products is closely related to the type of computer and is an integral part of it.

Software products of this class are mainly focused on qualified users - professionals in the computer field: system programmer, network administrator, application programmer, operator.

However, knowledge of the basic technology for working with this class of software products is also required by the end users of a personal computer, who independently not only work with their programs, but also perform maintenance of the computer, programs and data.

Software products of this class are general character applications, regardless of the specifics of the subject area.

High demands are placed on system software products in terms of reliability and manufacturability, convenience and efficiency of use.

SPO traditionally includes

system managers and

system processing programs.

Control system programs organize the correct functioning of all devices in the system.

Main system functions of control programs -

management of computing processes and computing systems and

Working with OS internal data.

As a rule, they are in the main memory. These are resident programs that make up the core of the OS. Control programs that are loaded into memory immediately before execution are called transitive.

At present, system control programs are supplied by developers and distributors in the form of installation packages for operating systems and special device drivers.

Processing system programs run as special application tasks, or applications.

These programs are often supplied in the form of distribution packages that include software

Comment. In packages system programs in addition to the main programs that allow reconfiguration, there are special configuration programs called installation programs.

An operating system is a set of software tools that controls the hardware of a computer and application programs, as well as their interaction with each other and the user.

2. Operating systems and their classification

The operating system is designed to manage the execution of user programs, planning and managing computer computing resources.

The operating system, on the one hand, acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the user with his tasks, on the other hand, is designed to efficiently use the resources of the computing system and organize reliable computing.

File management systems are designed to provide more convenient access to data organized as files.

Instead of low-level access to data specifying specific physical addresses, the file management system allows you to use logical access specifying the file name.

Any file management system does not exist by itself - it is designed to work in a specific OS and with a specific file system. That is, the file management system could be attributed to the OS.

But due to the fact that

1) a number of operating systems allow you to work with several file systems (either with one of several, or with several at once); and an additional file system can be installed (i.e. they are independent)

2) the simplest operating systems can work without file systems; file management systems are allocated to a separate group of system programs.

Note that in the specialized literature, file management systems are often referred to as operating systems.

Operating systems differ in the implementation features of computer resource management algorithms, areas of use.

So, depending on the processor control algorithm, operating systems are divided into:

Single-tasking and multi-tasking

・Single and multiplayer

· Uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems

· Local and network.

Operating systems are divided into two classes according to the number of simultaneously executing tasks:

Single-tasking (MS DOS)

· Multitasking (OS/2, Unix, Windows)

In single-tasking systems, peripheral device management tools, file management tools, and user communication tools are used. Multitasking operating systems use all the features that are typical for single-tasking, and, in addition, manage the sharing of shared resources: processor, RAM, files, and external devices.

Depending on the areas of use, multitasking operating systems are divided into three types:

Batch Processing Systems (OS EU)

Time-sharing systems (Unix, Linux, Windows)

Real time systems (RT11)

Batch processing systems are designed to solve problems that do not require fast results. The main goal of a batch processing OS is to maximize throughput or solve the maximum number of tasks per unit of time.

These systems provide high performance when processing large amounts of information, but reduce the efficiency of the user's work in interactive mode.

In time-sharing systems, each task is given a small amount of time to complete, and no single task takes up the processor for long. If this period of time is selected as minimal, then the appearance of simultaneous execution of several tasks is created. These systems have less throughput, but provide high efficiency of the user's work in interactive mode.

Real-time systems are used to control a technological process or a technical object, for example, an aircraft, a machine tool, etc.

According to the number of simultaneously working users on a computer, OS are divided into single-user (MS DOS) and multi-user (Unix, Linux, Windows 95 - XP)

In a multi-user OS, each user customizes the user interface for himself, i.e. can create its own sets of shortcuts, groups of programs, set an individual color scheme, move the taskbar to a convenient place and add new items to the Start menu.

In a multi-user OS, there are means of protecting each user's information from unauthorized access by other users.

Multiprocessor and uniprocessor operating systems. One of the important properties of the OS is the presence in it of means to support multiprocessor data processing. Such tools exist in OS / 2, Net Ware, Widows NT. According to the way the computing process is organized, these OS can be divided into asymmetric and symmetric.

One of the most important features of the classification of computers is their division into local and network. Local operating systems are used on stand-alone PCs or PCs that are used in computer networks as a client.

The local OS includes the client part of the software for accessing remote resources and services. Network operating systems are designed to manage the resources of PCs connected to the network in order to sharing resources. They represent powerful means of differentiating access to information, its integrity and other possibilities of use. network resources.

3. Service software: brief description

Service software - programs and software packages that expand the capabilities of the basic software and organize a more convenient user environment.

This is a set of service, additionally installed programs that can be classified according to their functionality as follows:

Drivers for specific and special devices (those that are not supplied with the OS).

programs for diagnosing the health of a computer;

· antivirus programs, which provide computer protection, detection and recovery of infected files;

disk maintenance programs that check the quality of the surface of a magnetic disk, control the safety of the file system on the logical and physical levels, disk compression, creation of insurance copies of disks, backup of data on external media, etc.;

· data archiving programs that provide the process of compressing information in files in order to reduce the amount of memory for its storage;

network maintenance programs.

These programs are often referred to as system utilities. (Note that this term is usually not applied to antivirus products)

Utilities - programs that are used to perform auxiliary operations of data processing or maintenance of computers (diagnostics, testing of hardware and software, optimization of disk space usage, recovery of a damaged computer magnetic disk information, etc.).

The most widespread today are utility kits: Norton Utilities - Symantec; Checkit PRO Deliuxe 2.0 - Touch Stone; PC Tools for Windows 2.0; program Reserve copy HP Colorado Backup for Windows 95.

4. Utilities, purpose, examples

Utility (English utility or tool) - computer program, expanding the standard capabilities of hardware and operating systems, performing a narrow range of specific tasks.

Utilities provide access to features (parameters, settings, settings) that are not available without using them, or make the process of changing some parameters easier (automate it).

Utilities are often part of operating systems or bundled with specialized hardware.

Utility Functions

· Monitoring of indicators of sensors and performance of the equipment - monitoring of temperatures of the processor, videoadapter; reading S.M.A.R.T. hard drives; benchmarks.

・Hardware Parameter Management - Restriction top speed rotation of the CD drive; changing the speed of rotation of coolers.

Control of indicators - check referential integrity; correct recording of data.

· Expansion of opportunities - formatting and / or re-partitioning the disk with saving data, deleting without the possibility of recovery.

Utility types

· Disk Utilities

o Defragmenters

o Check disk - search for files and sections of the disk that were incorrectly recorded or damaged in various ways and their subsequent deletion for efficient use of disk space.

o Disk Cleanup - delete temporary files, junk files, cleaning the "basket".

Disk Cleanup

o Disk partitioning - dividing a disk into logical disks, which may have different file systems and be perceived by the operating system as several different disks.

PartitionMagic

o Backup - create backups whole disks and individual files, as well as restoring from these copies.

List of backup software

o Compress disks - compress information on disks to increase the capacity of hard disks.

process managers

o AnVir Task Manager

Registry utilities

Hardware monitoring utilities and benchmarks

Equipment tests

Microsoft Scandisk is a Microsoft utility with which you can fix errors in the structure hard drive, search for and mark "bad" blocks, convert to files, or delete "lost" clusters.

CCleaner (formerly known as Crap Cleaner) is free utility, which removes unused and unnecessary, as well as temporary Internet files created by all known browsers. The utility also finds and fixes problems such as unused file extensions and application of paths in Windows registry, as well as cleaning up temporary files that Windows uses. The program is able to carry out reliable multi-pass deletion of files from the recycle bin.

Task 2. Working with spreadsheet MS Excel

Table for calculating the absolute value of the annual amount of rental interest on a residual basis

Profit from the sale of services: , where - revenue from the sale of services; - the cost of services (the sum of material costs, labor costs, accruals for wages).

Income tax (without deducting rental interest from it):

where 35% (profit tax rate).

The remaining amount of profit (the amount of rental interest):

where - the amount of taxes paid at the expense of profit; - accumulation fund (deductions for the development of production); - consumption fund (expenses for social development, material incentives, etc.); – fund of financial reserves (covering unforeseen expenses).

1. Determine the total revenue from the sale of services for all tenants, the maximum amount of rental interest, the average amount of taxes paid from profits.

2. Build diagrams of revenue from the sale of services and the cost of services for various tenants (histogram), accumulation and consumption funds (graph).

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