Switching voltage stabilizer 220v. Voltage stabilizer circuit

The ideal option for the operation of power networks is to change the values ​​​​of current and voltage, both downward and upward, by no more than 10% of the nominal 220 V. But since jumps are characterized by large changes in reality, electrical appliances connected directly to the network are in danger of losing their design capabilities and even failure.

Use of special equipment will help to avoid troubles. But since it has a very high price, many people prefer to assemble a do-it-yourself voltage stabilizer. How justified is such a step and what will be required for its implementation?

The design and principle of operation of the stabilizer

Instrument design

Having decided to assemble the device yourself, you will have to look inside the case of an industrial model. It consists of several main parts:

• transformer;
• Capacitors;
• Resistors;
• Cables for connecting elements and connecting the device.

The principle of operation of the simplest stabilizer is based on the operation of a rheostat. It raises or lowers the resistance depending on the current strength. More modern models have a wide range of functions and are able to fully protect household appliances from power surges.

Types of devices and their features

Types and their applications

The classification of equipment depends on the methods used to regulate the current. Since this value represents the directed motion of particles, it can be influenced by one of the following methods:

• mechanical;
• Impulse.

The first is based on Ohm's law. Devices whose work is based on it are called linear. They include two knees that are connected using a rheostat. The voltage applied to one element passes through the rheostat and thus appears on the other, from which it is supplied to consumers.

Devices of this type only allow you to set the output current parameters and can be upgraded with additional nodes. But it is impossible to use such stabilizers in networks where the difference between the input and output current is large, since they will not be able to protect household appliances from short circuits at high loads.

We watch the video, the principle of operation of a pulsed device:

Pulse models work on the principle of current amplitude modulation. The stabilizer circuit uses a switch that breaks it at regular intervals. This approach allows you to evenly accumulate current in the capacitor, and after it is fully charged, further to the devices.

Unlike linear stabilizers, pulse regulators do not have the ability to set a certain value. There are step-down models on sale - this is an ideal choice for the home.

Also, voltage stabilizers are divided into:

1. Single-phase;
2. Three-phase.

But since most household appliances are powered by single-phase network, then in residential premises, as a rule, equipment belonging to the first type is used.

Let's start assembling: components, tools

Since the triac apparatus is considered the most effective, in our article we will consider how to independently assemble just such a model. It should be noted right away that this do-it-yourself voltage regulator will equalize the current, provided that the input voltage is in the range from 130 to 270V.

The permissible power of devices connected to such equipment cannot exceed 6 kW. In this case, the load switching will be carried out in 10 milliseconds.

As for the components, the following elements will be needed to assemble such a stabilizer:

• Power unit;
• Rectifier for voltage amplitude measurement;
• Comparator;
• Controller;
• Amplifiers;
• LEDs;
• Load turn-on delay unit;
• autotransformer;
• Optocoupler keys;
• Safety switch.

Of the tools I will need a soldering iron and tweezers.

Manufacturing steps

To assemble a 220V voltage regulator for your home with your own hands, you first need to prepare a printed circuit board measuring 115x90 mm. It is made of foil fiberglass. Parts layout can be printed on laser printer and with the help of an iron transferred to the board.

We watch the video, a home-made simple device:

circuit diagram

• magnetic circuit with a cross-sectional area of ​​​​1.87 cm²;
• three PEV-2 cables.

The first wire is used to create one winding, while its diameter is 0.064 mm. The number of turns should be 8669.

The two remaining wires will be required to complete the other windings. They differ from the first one with a diameter of 0.185 mm. The number of turns for these windings will be 522.

If you want to simplify your task, then you can use two ready-made transformers TPK-2-2 12V. They are connected in series.

In the case of manufacturing these parts on their own, after one of them is ready, they proceed to the creation of the second. It will need a toroidal magnetic circuit. For the winding, the same PEV-2 is chosen as in the first case, only the number of turns will be 455.

Also, in the second transformer, 7 taps will have to be made. Moreover, for the first three, a wire with a diameter of 3 mm is used, and for the rest - tires with a cross section of 18 mm². This will help to avoid heating the transformer during operation.

connection of two transformers

All other components for a do-it-yourself device are best purchased in a store. After everything you need is purchased, you can start assembling. It is best to start by installing a microcircuit that acts as a controller on a heat sink, which is made of aluminum platinum with an area of ​​\u200b\u200bmore than 15 cm². Triacs are also mounted on it. Moreover, the heat sink on which they are supposed to be installed must have a cooling surface.

If assembling a 220V triac voltage regulator with your own hands seems difficult for you, then you can stop at a simpler linear model. It will have the same properties.

The effectiveness of a handmade product

What pushes a person to manufacture a particular device? Most often - its high cost. And in this sense, a self-assembled voltage regulator, of course, surpasses the factory model.

The advantages of home-made devices include the possibility of self-repair. The person who assembled the stabilizer understood both its principle of operation and structure and therefore will be able to fix the malfunction without outside help.

In addition, all parts for such a device were pre-purchased in the store, so if they fail, you can always find a similar one.

If we compare the reliability of a stabilizer assembled by ourselves and produced at the enterprise, then here the advantage is on the side of the factory models. At home, it is almost impossible to develop a model with high performance, since there is no special measuring equipment.

Conclusion

Exist Various types voltage stabilizers, and some of them are quite realistic to do with your own hands. But for this you will have to understand the nuances of the equipment, purchase the necessary components and perform their competent installation. If you are not confident in your abilities, then the best option- purchase of a factory-made device. Such a stabilizer is more expensive, but also significantly superior in quality to models assembled independently.

The mains voltage of consumers varies significantly due to line losses. The decrease in voltage can reach significant values ​​and cause a malfunction in the operation of instruments and devices. Particularly affected by non-standard voltage are household appliances equipped with electric motors: refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, water pumps and power tools.

The increased voltage of the mains leads to intense heating of the motor windings and wear of the collector, insulation breakdown. Reduced voltage does not have the best effect: electric motors do not start or turn on jerkily, which leads to premature wear of ballasts.

The way out of the created situation is quite simple - install a booster transformer, the total voltage of the secondary winding and the mains will become close to the standard supply voltage. Such a device does not have a negative effect on the power grid. The presence of a device for maintaining the mains voltage allows you to protect electrical appliances from both increased and reduced values.

IN this device a low power power transformer is used to increase the voltage while maintaining the same power consumption. In a real device, it is enough to slightly increase the voltage of the mains with a voltage boost, and then stabilize it. The difference between input and output voltage is used to compensate for undervoltage, overvoltage network is reduced by a transistor regulator.

Device characteristics:
Mains voltage 160-250 volts.
Secondary voltage 220 volts.
Load power up to 2000 watts.
Load current up to 5 Amperes.
Weight 2kg.

The price of the device mainly consists of the price power transformer type TS180-TS320 from old TVs and does not exceed 500 rubles. Transformers of the TN or CCI type with a secondary winding current of 6-8 Amperes have proven themselves well with a total voltage of the secondary windings of 24-36 Volts. The voltage stabilization device circuit consists of a power transformer T1, a powerful diode bridge VD1 of the power circuit and a key transistor VT1.

The error voltage tracking circuits consist of a diode bridge VD2 and an error amplifier on a parallel regulator DA1.

An increase in the voltage in the network leads to an increase in the voltage in the secondary winding of the 3T1 power transformer, the voltage across the capacitor C3 increases, which leads to the opening of the parallel regulator DA1 and shunting the voltage across the resistor R7. Gate voltage field effect transistor VT1 drops and causes it to close, which limits the secondary voltage at the terminals XT3, XT4.

The reduced voltage of the mains leads to the reverse process - a decrease in voltage on the secondary windings of the transformer, closing the parallel stabilizer at m / s DA1 and opening the field effect transistor VT1, which leads to an increase in voltage on the secondary windings.

Adjusting the circuit consists in setting the limits for stabilizing the output voltage. After switching on (preferably on an active load in the form of a table lamp), resistor R5 is set output voltage 225 volts, by connecting a more powerful load of 1-1.5 kW (in compliance with safety regulations) - correct within 220 volts.

After 5-10 minutes of operation, disconnect the device and the load from the mains, check the thermal conditions of all radio components, they should not be hot, otherwise increase the radiator of the key transistor.

Due to the gain spread of a powerful N-type field effect transistor, the initial offset can be corrected by selecting the resistance of the gate current resistor R4. Mount the transistor on a 50 * 50 * 20mm radiator through a mica gasket.

The printed wiring circuit and the transformer are installed in a suitable housing, the dimensions of which depend on the dimensions of the T1 transformer. The device operation indicator HL1 and the mains switch SA1 with fuses FU1, FU2 are located on the top and side of the case.

When using a metal case, use a power plug with a grounding knife, the output of which is connected to the case.

The radio components of the device are mostly factory-made, the transformer is used without modification: secondary winding 2T1 consists of two parallel windings of 36 volts, the third winding is 3T1 with a voltage of 6.3 volts. Resistors such as MLT or C29. Trimmer type SP or SPO.

The power wires indicated in the diagram with thicker lines should be made with a stranded wire with a cross section of at least 4 mm., The remaining connections should be 0.5 mm.

List of radio elements

The modern power supply network works in such a way that the voltage changes very often in it. Of course, the change in current is acceptable, but in any case, it should not be more than ten percent of the nominal 220 volts.

This deviation rate must be observed both in the direction of decreasing and in the direction of increasing voltage. However, such a state of the power supply network is very rare, since the current in it is characterized by large changes.

Such changes do not really “like” electrical appliances, which can lose not only their design capabilities, but can also fail. To eliminate such a negative scenario, people use various stabilizers.

Today the market offers a lot of different models, most of which cost big money. The other part cannot boast of reliable operation.

And what to do then if there is no desire to overpay or buy a low-quality product? In this situation, you can make a voltage stabilizer with your own hands.

Of course, you can make different types of stabilization devices. One of the most effective is the triac. Actually, its assembly will be discussed in this article.

Characteristics of the assembled device

This stabilization apparatus will not be sensitive to the frequency of the voltage that is applied through common network. Current equalization will be carried out provided that the input is more than 130 and less than 270 volts.

Connected appliances will receive a current that has more than 205 and less than 230 volts. It will be possible to connect electrical appliances to this stabilization device, the total power of which can be equal to six kilowatts.

The stabilization device will switch the load in 10 milliseconds.

The device of the stabilization device

General scheme of this stabilization device is shown in the figure:

Rice. 1. The structure of the stabilization device.

1. Power supply, which includes capacitors C2 and C5, comparator DA1, thermal-electric diode VD1 and transformer T1.
2. A node that will delay turning on the load. It consists of resistors R1-R5, transistors VT1-VT3 and capacitor C1.
3. A rectifier that will measure the amplitude of the voltage. It consists of capacitor C2, diode VD2, zener diode VD2 and dividers R14, R13.
4. voltage comparator. Its composition suggests the presence of resistors R15-R39 and comparators DA3 and DA2.
5. Logic controller, which is located on microcircuits marked DD1 ... 5.
6. Amplifiers that are based on transistors VT4 ... 12 and current-limiting resistors R40 ... 48.
7. Indicator LEDs HL1-HL9.
8. Optocoupler keys (their number is equal to the number seven). Each is equipped with triacs VS1…7, resistors R6…12 and optotriacs U1-U7.
9. Circuit breaker-fuse QF1.
10. Automatic transformer T2.

Principle of operation

How does our stabilizer work? mains voltage, which is easy to do with your own hands?

After the power is turned on, the capacitor C1 is in a discharged state, the transistor VT2 is open, and VT2 is closed. Also closed is the transistor VT3. It is through it that current will be supplied to each LED and triac optocoupler.

Because this transistor is off, the LEDs are off, each triac is off, and the load is off. At that time electricity passes through the resistor R1 and enters C1. Next, this capacitor is charged.

The delay interval lasts only three seconds. During this time, all transient processes are carried out, and after the end, the Schmitt trigger is triggered, which is based on transistors VT1 and VT2.

The voltage that comes out of the third winding T1 is rectified by the diode VD2 and the capacitor C2. Further, the current passes through the divider R13 ... 14. From R14, a voltage whose level is proportional to the number of volts in the network enters each non-inverting input of the comparators.

The number of comparators is eight and they are all on the DA2 and DA3 chips. At the same moment, a constant exemplary current enters the inverting input of each comparator. It is served by resistor dividers R15...23.

After that, the controller comes into play, which processes the signal at the input of each comparator.

Features of work

When the input number of volts is less than 130, the outputs of each comparator are locked to a logic low level. At this time, the VT4 transistor is in the open state and the first LED is flashing.

It reports that the network is characterized by a very low voltage level. This means that a do-it-yourself adjustable voltage regulator cannot fulfill its function.

Each of its triacs is closed and the load is in the off state.

When the number of input volts fluctuates from 130 to 150, then signals 1 and A are characterized by a high value of the logic level. This level of all other signals is low. In this situation, the transistor VT5 opens and the second LED lights up.

Optosimistor U1.2 and triac VS2 are opened. It is through the latter that the load will pass. Then it will enter the upper terminal of the winding of the automatic transformer T2.

If the input number of volts is in the range of 150-170 volts, then signals 2, 1 and B are characterized by a high value of the logic level. This level of all other signals is low.

With this input number of volts, the transistor VT6 opens, the third LED turns on. At this time, the second triac (VS2) opens and the current is transferred to that terminal of the T2 winding, which is the second from the top.

A self-made voltage regulator that can supply 220 V will switch connections to the windings of the second transformer, provided that the input voltage level reaches 190, 210, 230 and 250 volts.

For the production of such a stabilizer, you need to take a printed circuit board, which has dimensions of 115x90 millimeters. The main element from which it should be made should be one-sided foil fiberglass. The placement of elements on the board is given below.

Rice. 2. Layout of elements on the board.

Such a board can be easily printed on a laser printer. Next, use an iron. Often, Sprint Loyout 4.0 is used to create print files that store the layouts of such boards. It is with the help of it that it is convenient to manufacture printed circuit boards.

Manufacturing of transformers

As for transformers T1 and T2, they can be made manually.

For the manufacture of T1, the power of which will be designed for three kilowatts, it is necessary to prepare a magnetic circuit, the cross-sectional area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich should be 1.87 square meters. centimeters, as well as three wires PEV-2.

The first should have a diameter of 0.064 millimeters. With it, the first winding is created. The number of its turns should be 8669.

The other two wires are used to create the other two windings. These wires must have the same diameter, namely 0.185 millimeters. The number of turns in each winding should be 522.

Helpful advice: You can also take two ready-made transformers TPK-2-2x12V, which must be connected in series.

Connection diagram below:

Rice. 3. Connection of two transformers TPK-2-2x12V.

To create a T2 transformer with a power of 6 kilowatts, a toroidal magnetic circuit is used. The winding is done using a PEV-2 wire. The number of turns is 455.

In this transformer, you need to make seven taps. The first three branches are wound with a wire, which has a diameter of three millimeters. Tires are used to create the other four. Their cross section should be 18 square millimeters. Due to the cross section of this size, T2 will not heat up.

Branches are made on 398, 348, 305, 266, 232 and 203 turns. The count of the turns starts from the lowest tap. In this case, the current from the network must go through the tap of the 266th turn.

Required Components

As for the other elements of the stabilizer, which is assembled by hand and which will supply constant voltage, it is better to buy them in a store.

So, you need to make a purchase:

1. - triac optocouplers MOC3041 (they need seven pieces);
2. - seven triacs BTA41-800B;
3. - stabilizer KR1158EN6A (DA1);
4. - two comparators LM339N (for DA2 and DA3);
5. - two diodes DF005M (in the diagram VD2, VD1)
6. - three wire resistors SP5-2 or SP5-3 (for R25, R14 and R13);
7. - seven resistors C2-23, which have a tolerance of at least one percent (for R16 ... R22);
8. - thirty any resistors with a tolerance of 5 percent;
9. - seven current-limiting resistors. They will pass a current, the strength of which is 16 mA (for R41-47).
10. - four any oxide capacitors (for C5, C1-C3);
11. - four ceramic or film capacitors (C4, C6 ... C8);
12. - fuse switch.

Helpful Hint: The seven MOC3041 triac optocouplers can replace the MOC3061. The KR1158EN6A stabilizer can be easily replaced with KR1158EN6B. The K1401CA1 comparator is an excellent analogue of the LM339N. KTS407A can also be used as diodes.

The KR1158EN6A chip must be mounted on a heat sink. To create it, take an aluminum plate, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich should exceed 15 square centimeters.

Triacs should also be installed on the heat sink. For all seven triacs, one heat sink can be used, which must have a cooling surface. Its area must be greater than 1,600 square centimeters.

Our Stabilizer AC voltage, which is made by hand, must also be equipped with a KR1554LP5 microcircuit, which will act as a microcontroller.

It was noted above that the device assumes the presence of nine LEDs. In the diagram above, they are arranged in such a way that they can fall into the corresponding holes on the front panel of the device itself.

Useful advice: if the design of the case does not allow mounting them as shown in the diagram, then they can also be placed on the side on which the printed conductors are located.

The LEDs should be flashing.

Useful advice: you can take such LEDs that do not blink. They should give out a red color of increased brightness. To do this, you can take L1543SRC-E or AL307KM.

Of course, it is possible to assemble simpler stabilization devices, which will have their own characteristics.

Advantages and disadvantages over factory

If we talk about the advantages of do-it-yourself stabilization devices, then the main one is lower cost. As noted above, manufacturers are asking fairly high prices. Building your own is cheaper.

Another advantage is the possibility of lightweight self-repair of a voltage stabilizer, which was made by hand. This means that everyone who has assembled such a device understands its structure and understands the principle of operation.

In case of failure of any element, the developer can easily find the broken component and replace it. Easy replacement is also due to the fact that almost every element was previously bought in a store and is easy to find in many others.

The disadvantages include the low level of reliability of such stabilizers. There is a lot of measuring and special equipment at enterprises, which makes it possible to develop very high-quality models of stabilization devices.

Also, enterprises have extensive experience in creating various models and the mistakes made earlier are unambiguously corrected. This affects both the quality and reliability of factory stabilization devices.

The downside is that it's difficult to set up.

Video.

The video below shows how to assemble a stable voltage regulator, for example, to control incandescent lamps and LEDs.

The best way to work electrical networks the change in the functions of the current is considered, as well as the required voltage by 10% of 220V. However, since the jumps change quite often, respectively electrical devices that are directly connected to the network are at risk of failure.

To eliminate such troubles, it is necessary to install certain equipment. And since the store device has a fairly high cost, naturally, many assemble the stabilizer with their own hands.

Is such a decision justified and what is required to translate it into reality?

The principle of operation of the stabilizer

Having decided to create a homemade stabilizer, as in the photo, you need to look into the inside of the case, which consists of certain parts. The principle of operation of a conventional device is based directly on the operation of a rheostat, which increases or decreases resistance.

In addition, the proposed models have a variety of functions, and can also fully protect equipment from unwanted drops in the jumping voltage in the network.

Equipment is classified according to the methods used to regulate the current. Since the value is a directed movement of particles, it can be influenced accordingly by a mechanical or pulsed method.

The first works according to Ohm's law. Devices whose functioning is based on it are called linear. They include several knees, combined by means of a rheostat.

The voltage that is supplied to one part passes through a rheostat, turning out in a similar way to another, from which it is transmitted to the consumer.

This type of device makes it possible to set the required current parameters as accurately as possible and may well be upgraded with special nodes.

However, it is unacceptable to use such stabilizers in networks where the difference between the current is large, since they will not fully protect equipment from short circuits during overloads.

Pulse options operate according to the method of amplitude current modulation. The circuit uses a switch that breaks it after a required period of time. This approach makes it possible to accumulate the required current in the capacitor as evenly as possible, and at the end of charging and then to the devices.

Starting assembly

Since the triac device belongs to the most effective one, let's talk about how with my own hands make a similar stabilizer directly.

It is important to emphasize that of this type the model will be able to equalize the supplied current, provided that the voltage is in the range of 130-270 V. Components will also be required. Of the tools you need tweezers, as well as a soldering iron.

Production step by step

According to detailed instructions how to mount the stabilizer, first of all, you should prepare a printed circuit board of the required size. It is created from special foil fiberglass. The microcircuit of the arrangement of elements can be in a printed format, or transferred to the board by means of an iron.

Then, the scheme for creating a simple stabilizer provides for the assembly of the device itself. For given element you will need a magnetic circuit, several cables. One wire with a diameter of 0.064 mm is used to make the winding. The number of required turns reaches 8669.

The remaining two wires are used to create the remaining windings, which are characterized in comparison with the first option with a diameter of 0.185 mm. The number of equipped turns for these windings is at least 522.

If it is necessary to simplify the task, it is preferable to use series-connected transformers of the brand TPK-2-2 12V.

With independent production of these parts, at the end of the creation of one of them, they proceed to the production of another. For these purposes, a troidal magnetic circuit is required. PEV-2 with a number of turns of 455 is also suitable as a winding.

In addition, by step-by-step hand-made manufacture of the stabilizer in the second device, 7 taps should be made. At the same time, for several three, a wire of 3 mm in diameter is used, for others, tires of 18 mm2 with a cross section are used. This will make it possible to exclude unwanted heating of the device during the work process.

The rest of the items should be bought at a specialized outlet. Once everything you need is purchased, you should assemble the device.

Work should begin with the installation of the necessary microcircuit, which acts as a controller on an adjustable heat sink made of platinum. In addition, triacs are installed on it. Then flashing LEDs are mounted on the board.

If creating triac devices is for you challenging task, it is recommended to dwell on the linear version, characterized by similar properties.

DIY photo stabilizers

Household appliances are susceptible to power surges: they wear out faster and fail. And in the network, the voltage often jumps, fails or breaks off altogether: this is due to the distance from the source and the imperfection of power lines.

To supply devices with current with stable characteristics, voltage stabilizers are used in apartments. Regardless of the parameters of the current introduced into the device, it will have almost unchanged parameters at its output.

You can buy a current equalizing device by choosing from a wide range (differences in power, principle of operation, control and output voltage parameter). But our article is devoted to how to make a voltage stabilizer with your own hands. Is homemade justified in this case?

A homemade stabilizer has three advantages:

1. Cheapness. All parts are purchased separately, and this is cost-effective compared to the same parts, but already assembled into a single device - a current equalizer;
2. Possibility of self-repair. If one of the elements of the purchased stabilizer is out of order, you are unlikely to be able to replace it, even if you understand electrical engineering. You simply will not find how to replace a worn part. WITH homemade device everything is simpler: you initially bought all the elements in the store. It remains only to go there again and buy what is broken;
3. Easy repair. If you have assembled a voltage converter yourself, then you know it 100%. And understanding the device and action will help you quickly identify the cause of the failure of the stabilizer. Having figured it out, you can easily fix a home-made unit.

At the stabilizer own production There are three major downsides:

1. Low reliability. At specialized enterprises, devices are more reliable, since their development is based on the readings of high-precision instrumentation, which cannot be found in everyday life;
2. Wide output voltage range. If industrial stabilizers can produce a relatively constant voltage (for example, 215-220V), then home-made analogues can have a 2-5 times larger range, which can be critical for technology that is super sensitive to current changes;
3. Complex setup. If you buy a stabilizer, then the setup step is bypassed, you just have to connect the device and control its operation. If you are the creator of the current equalizer, then you can also configure it. This is difficult, even if you have made the simplest voltage regulator with your own hands.

Homemade current equalizer: characteristics

The stabilizer is characterized by two parameters:

• Permissible input voltage range (Uin);
• Permissible range of output voltage (Uout).

This article focuses on the triac current converter because it has high efficiency. For him, Uin is 130-270V, and Uout is 205-230V. If a large input voltage range is an advantage, then for an output voltage it is a disadvantage.

However, for household appliances this range remains valid. This is easy to check, because the allowable voltage fluctuations are jumps and dips of no more than 10%. And this is 22.2 Volts up or down. This means that a change in voltage from 197.8 to 242.2 Volts is acceptable. Compared to this range, the current on our triac stabilizer is even smoother.

The device is suitable for connecting to a line with a load of not more than 6 kW. Its switching is carried out in 0.01 seconds.

The design of the current stabilizing device

A home-made voltage stabilizer 220V, the circuit of which is presented above, includes the following elements:

• power unit. It used drives C2 and C5, a voltage transformer T1, as well as a comparator (comparison device) DA1 and LED VD1;
• node, postponing the start of the load. To assemble it, you will need resistances from R1 to R5, transistors from VT1 to VT3, as well as drive C1;
• Rectifier, measuring the value of voltage jumps and dips. Its design includes a VD2 LED with a zener diode of the same name, a C2 drive, a resistor R14 and R13;
• Comparator. It will need resistances from R15 to R39 and comparing devices DA2 with DA3;
• Boolean controller. It needs DD chips from 1 to 5;
• Amplifiers. They will need resistance to limit the current R40-R48, as well as transistors from VT4 to VT12;
• LEDs, playing the role of an indicator - HL from 1 to 9;
• Optocoupler keys(7) with triacs VS 1 to 7, resistors R 6 to 12, and optocoupler triacs U 1 to 7;
• auto switch with fuse QF1;
• Autotransformer T2.

How will this device work?

After the drive of the node with deferred load (C1) is connected to the network, it is still discharged. Transistor VT1 turns on, and 2 and 3 close. Through the latter, current will subsequently go to the LEDs and optocoupler triacs. But while the transistor is closed, the diodes do not give a signal, and the triacs are still closed: there is no load. But the current is already flowing through the first resistor to the drive, which begins to store energy.

The process described above takes 3 seconds, after which the Schmitt trigger, based on transistors VT 1 and 2, fires, after which transistor 3 turns on. Now the load can be considered open.

The output voltage from the third winding of the transformer on the power supply is equalized by the second diode and capacitor. Then the current is sent to R13, passes through R14. On this moment voltage is proportional to the voltage in the network. Then the current is supplied to the non-inverting comparators. Immediately, an already equalized current enters the inverting comparing devices, which is applied to resistances from 15 to 23. Then a controller is connected that processes the input signals on the devices for comparison.

The nuances of stabilization depending on the voltage applied to the input

If a voltage of up to 130 Volts is entered, then the logic level (LU) of low voltage is indicated on the terminals of the comparators. The fourth transistor is open, and LED 1 blinks and indicates that there is a strong dip in the line. You must understand that the stabilizer is not able to give out the voltage of the desired value. Therefore, all triacs are closed, and there is no load.

If the input voltage is 130-150 Volts, then a high LU is observed on signals 1 and A, but for other signals it is still low. The fifth transistor turns on, the second diode lights up. Optocoupler triac U1.2 and triac VS2 open. The load will go along the latter and reach the output of the winding of the second autotransformer from above.

With an input voltage of 150-170 Volts, a high LU is observed on 1, 2 and V signals, on the rest it is still low. Then the sixth transistor turns on and the third diode turns on, VS2 turns on and the current is supplied to the second (if you count from above) output of the winding of the second autotransformer.

Similarly, the operation of the stabilizer is described for voltage ranges of 170-190V, 190-210V, 210-230V, 230-250V.

PCB manufacturing

For a triac current converter, a printed circuit board is needed on which all elements will be placed. Its size: 11.5 by 9 cm. For its manufacture, you will need fiberglass, covered with foil on one side.

The board can be printed on a laser-type printer, after which the iron will be used. It is convenient to make a board yourself using the Sprint Loyout program. And the layout of the elements on it is shown below.

How to make transformers T1 and T2?

The first transformer T1 with a power of 3 kW is manufactured using a magnetic circuit with a cross-sectional area (CPS) of 187 sq. mm. And three wires PEV-2:

• For the first wrapping of PPS, only 0.003 sq. mm. Number of turns - 8669;
• For the second and third windings of the PPS, only 0.027 sq. mm. The number of turns is 522 on each.

If there is no desire to wind the wire, then you can purchase two transformers TPK-2-2 × 12V and connect them in series, as in the figure below.

To make an autotransformer with a second power of 6 kW, you will need a toroidal magnetic circuit and a PEV-2 wire, from which a twist of 455 turns will be made. And here we need taps (7 pieces):

• Winding 1-3 branches from a wire with PPS 7 sq. mm;
• Winding 4-7 branches from wire with PPS 254 sq. mm.

What to buy?

In an electrical and radio engineering store, buy (in brackets the designation on the diagram):

• 7 optocoupler triacs MOC3041 or 3061 (U from 1 to 7);
• 7 simple triacs BTA41-800B (VS 1 to 7);
• 2 LEDs DF005M or KTS407A (VD 1 and 2);
• 3 resistors SP5-2, maybe 5-3 (R 13, 14, 25);
• Equalizing current element KR1158EN6A or B (DA1);
• 2 comparison devices LM339N or K1401CA1 (DA 1 and 2);
• Safety switch;
• 4 film or ceramic capacitors (C 4, 6, 7, 8);
• 4 oxide capacitors (C 1, 2, 3, 5);
• 7 resistances to limit the current, on their terminals it must be equal to 16 mA (R from 41 to 47);
• 30 resistances (any) with a tolerance of 5%;
• 7 resistances C2-23 with a tolerance of 1% (R from 16 to 22).

Features of the assembly of the device for equalizing voltage

The microcircuit of the current-stabilizing device is mounted on a heat sink, for which an aluminum plate is suitable. Its area should not be less than 15 square meters. cm.

A heat sink with a cooling surface is also necessary for triacs. For all 7 elements, one heat sink with an area of ​​​​at least 16 square meters is sufficient. dm.

In order for the AC voltage converter manufactured by us to work, you need a microcontroller. The KR1554LP5 chip does an excellent job with its role.

You already know that 9 flashing diodes can be found in the circuit. All of them are located on it so that they fall into the holes that are on front panel devices. And if the body of the stabilizer does not allow their location, as in the diagram, then you can modify it so that the LEDs go to the side that is convenient for you.

Non-flashing LEDs may be used instead of flashing LEDs. But in this case, you need to take diodes with a bright red glow. Suitable elements of brands: AL307KM and L1543SRC-E.

Now you know how to make a voltage regulator for 220 volts. And if you have already had to do something similar before, then this work will not be difficult for you. As a result, you can save several thousand rubles on the purchase of an industrial stabilizer.