Presentation on the topic: “Personal computer.” Presentation on computer science “Personal computer Presentation on the topic of personal computer

Subject: Computer Science and ICT

Class: 7

Subject: Personal Computer

Planned educational results:

- subject- knowledge of the basic devices of a personal computer and their current characteristics;

- meta-subject- understanding the purpose of the main devices of a personal computer;

- personal- understanding the role of computers in the life of modern people; the ability to connect knowledge about the basic capabilities of a computer with one’s own life experience.

Solvable educational tasks:

1) systematization of students’ knowledge about the basic devices of a personal computer;

2) consideration of the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of personal computer devices (as of the current period of time);

3) development of ideas about the computer as a tool for accessing the Internet; formation of general ideas about computer networks, introduction to the concept of data transfer speed.

Basic concepts studied in the lesson:

Personal Computer;

System unit: motherboard; CPU; RAM; HDD;

External devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, acoustic speakers;

Computer network;

Server, client.

ICT tools used in the lesson:

Teacher’s personal computer (PC), multimedia projector, screen;

Students' PCs.

Electronic educational resources

Presentation “Personal Computer”;

Federal resources educational portals:

1) animation “PC system unit”;

2) animation “System unit (rear view)”;

3) animation “Component of a system unit”;

4) animation “Mechanical Mouse”;

5) animation “Optical-mechanical mouse”;

6) animation “Optical Mouse”;

7) animation “Modern optical mouse”;

8) animation “Display types”;

9) animation “Open Computer Architecture”;

10) simulator “Computer structure”.

Features of presenting the content of the lesson topic

1. Organizational moment (1 minute)

Greeting students, communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson.

2. Repetition (6 minutes)

1) visual check of homework completion No. 13, 14, p. 62 of the textbook;

2) consideration of tasks that caused difficulties in completing homework;

3) answers to questions:

Why is a modern computer called a universal electronic program-controlled device?

What is the essence of the software principle of a computer?

What is binary data?

What's happened computer program?

How is data different from a program? What do they have in common?

List the main types of devices included in a computer?

Name the types of computers. Which one is the most common? (Personal Computer)

3. Learning new material (25 minutes)

Today we will talk about a personal computer. Let's consider the devices included in its composition.

1 slide - topic of the lesson

What do you think is a personal computer? (Student answers)

2 slide — Definition - Personal computer.

- All devices included in the PC can be divided into 2 groups: 1) devices included in the system unit; 2) external devices.

3 slide - scheme.

4 slide - The main part of a personal computer is the system unit.

5 - 13 slide - System unit devices

Animation “PC system unit”,

Animation “System unit (rear view)”,

Animation “Component of a system unit.”

External devices;

All computer devices that are not part of the system unit are called external.

Slide 14 - keyboard;

The keyboard is a device for entering information into a computer.

A standard keyboard has 104 keys, which can be divided into several groups.

Function keys F1-F12, located at the top of the keyboard, are designed to perform a number of commands when working with certain programs.

Character(alphanumeric) keys - keys with numbers, Russian and Latin letters and other symbols, as well as the space bar; used to enter information into a computer.

Cursor keys— a dash marking on the monitor screen where the next character is to be entered. These include four arrow keys, which move the cursor one position in a given direction, as well as the Home, End, PageUp, PageDown keys, which move the cursor to the beginning of the line, the end of the line, page up, and page down, respectively.

Additional keys, located with right side keyboards can operate in two modes, switchable with the NumLock key.

Special keys ( Enter, Esc, Shift, Delete, Backspace, Insertetc.) are keys for special actions; they are dispersed throughout the keyboard.

15 slide - mouse;

The mouse is one of the main pointing input devices that ensures user interaction with the computer.

View and discuss animations:

Animation “Mechanical Mouse”,

Animation “Optical-mechanical mouse”,

Animation “Optical Mouse”,

Animation “Modern optical mouse”.

16 slide — monitor;

A monitor is the main device of a personal computer designed to display information.

View and discuss the animation “Display Types”.

Slide 17 - Printer;

Printers are designed to output information onto paper.

18 slide - To enter all kinds of information into the computer graphic images and texts directly from a paper original, a scanner is used.

19 slide - Enter audio information into the computer via a microphone connected to the sound card.

20 slide — To output audio information, use speakers or headphones that are connected to the sound card.

21 slides — The system unit, keyboard, mouse and monitor form the minimum set of devices that ensure operation

Slide 22 — computer networks;

Slide 23 — Computers connected to the network can be divided into two categories: servers and clients.

24 slide — data transfer rate;

The main characteristic of connecting a computer to the Internet is the speed of data transfer over the existing communication channel. It is measured in bits per second (bps), as well as Kbps (1 Kbps = 1024 bits), Mbps and Gbps.

25 slide — Task:

The data transfer rate over a certain communication channel is 1,024,000 bps. The data transfer through this connection took 5 seconds. Determine the information size of the file in kilobytes.

Solution.

We find the information volume of data as the product of the data transfer rate and the transfer time:

1,024,000 bps x 5 s = 5,120,000 bits.

Let's convert the result into bytes and kilobytes:

5,120,000 bits = 640,000 bytes = 625 KB.

Answer: 625 KB

4. Practical part (10 minutes)

To consolidate the information received, tasks are performed using the “Computer Design” simulator program.

If time allows, complete tasks in workbook No. 86, 87, 88, 89.

5. Summing up the lesson. (3 minutes)

Homework message. Grading

26 slide - Homework.

§2.2, questions and tasks 1-4 to the paragraph,

RT: No. 77, 79, 82, 90.

Additional tasks: prepare a message on the topic “History of the mouse” or “The principle of the keyboard” using animations; No. 78 or No. 80 in RT.

/data/files/g1511338998.pptx (Personal computer)

Definition

• Personal Computer- a computer (computer) intended for personal use, the price, size and capabilities of which satisfy the needs large quantities of people.
• A modern personal computer can be implemented in various versions - desktop, portable (notebook), pocket (handheld) and others.

Desktop PC option

• This is a standard configuration of a personal computer when the main blocks are separated separately:

• system unit; monitor; keyboard; columns; mouse.
• system unit;
• monitor;
• keyboard;
• columns;
• mouse.

Mobile PCs

• Laptops

• Compact computers containing everything necessary components(including a monitor) in one small case, usually folding like a book. To achieve small sizes, they use special technologies: specially designed chips, RAM and hard disks reduced dimensions, compact keyboard, external blocks power supply, minimum expansion slots.
• Compact computers that contain all the necessary components (including a monitor) in one small case, usually folding into the shape of a book.
• To achieve small sizes, they use special technologies: specially designed chips, RAM and hard drives of reduced dimensions, a compact keyboard, external power supplies, and a minimum of expansion slots.
• specially designed microcircuits,
• RAM and hard drives of reduced dimensions,
• compact keyboard,
• external power supplies,
• minimum expansion slots.

Mobile PCs

• Tablet PCs

• Similar to laptops, but contain a pressure-sensitive screen and do not contain a mechanical keyboard. Text input and control are carried out via an on-screen interface. The computing power is inferior to desktop PCs due to the use of energy-saving components.
• Similar to laptops, but contain a pressure-sensitive screen and do not contain a mechanical keyboard.
• Text input and control are carried out via an on-screen interface.
• The computing power is inferior to desktop PCs due to the use of energy-saving components.

Mobile PCs

• Pocket PCs (PDAs)

• Ultra-portable devices that fit in your pocket. They are usually controlled using a screen that is small in size and resolution, pressure-sensitive with a finger or a special pen (stylus), and there is no keyboard or mouse. The screen resolution is low, usually 320x400. Such devices use ultra-efficient processors and small flash drives
• Ultra-portable devices that fit in your pocket.
• They are usually controlled using a screen that is small in size and resolution, pressure-sensitive with a finger or a special pen (stylus), and there is no keyboard or mouse.
• The screen resolution is low, usually 320x400. Such devices use ultra-efficient processors and small flash drives
• Such devices use ultra-efficient processors and small flash drives

Main components of a personal computer

• Monitor
• Motherboard
• CPU
• RAM
• Expansion boards
• power unit
• Optical drive
• HDD
• Keyboard

System (motherboard) board

• Motherboard - printed circuit board, on which the chipset and other components of the computer system are mounted.

• A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard. The chipset consists of 2 main chips: MCH - memory controller-hub - Northbridge - ensures interaction between the CPU and the memory and video adapter. ICH - input/output controller - Southbridge - provides interaction between the CPU and hard drive, PCI, USB slots, etc.
• A chipset is a set of chips on a motherboard.
• The chipset consists of 2 main chips: MCH - memory controller-hub - Northbridge - ensures interaction between the CPU and the memory and video adapter. ICH - input/output controller - Southbridge - provides interaction between the CPU and the hard drive, PCI, USB slots, etc.
• MCH - memory controller hub - Northbridge - ensures interaction between the CPU and the memory and video adapter.
• ICH - input/output controller - Southbridge - provides interaction between the CPU and the hard drive, PCI, USB slots, etc.

Motherboard

• The name comes from English motherboard
• On the motherboard, in addition to the chipset, there are connectors for connecting a central processor, graphics card, sound card, hard drives, RAM and other connectors.
• All major electronic circuits The computer and the necessary additional devices are included in the motherboard, or connected to it using expansion slots.

Motherboard

• The most famous manufacturers motherboards on the Russian market: companies Asus , Gigabyte , Intel , Elitegroup , MSI .
• Among Russian motherboard manufacturers, we can mention the Formosa company, which produced boards using components from Lucky Star and Albatron.

CPU

• CPU (CPU) or central processing unit (CPU) (English) central processing unit - CPU ) - machine instruction processor, part hardware computer, responsible for performing the bulk of information processing work.
• Majority modern processors implement cyclical process sequential information processing, invented by John von Neumann.

Block diagram of a PC

controller

controller

Data bus

Address bus

Control bus

System backbone

RAM

• RAM(RAM - random access memory) - memory designed for temporary storing data and commands, required by the processor to perform operations.
• RAM transmits commands and data to the processor directly or through cache memory .
• Each RAM cell has its own individual address.

RAM

• Modern RAM is dynamic random access memory(eng. dynamic random access memory, DRAM).

• The concept of random access memory assumes that the process of accessing data does not take into account the order in which it is located.

• Memory cell- part of a computer storage device for storing 1 computer word (number) or part thereof (for example, 1 byte).

• memory capacity COMPUTER.
• The total number of memory cells of all storage devices determines memory capacity COMPUTER.

HDD

• Hard drive storage magnetic disks , HDD , HDD or Winchester, (English) Hard Disk Drive) is a non-volatile, rewritable computer storage device.
• It is the main data storage device in almost all modern computers.

HDD

• Information in HDD is recorded on hard (aluminum or glass) plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material.
• In operating mode, the read heads do not touch the surface of the plates, but “hover” above them.
• The distance between the head and the disk is several nanometers (5-10 nm in modern disks), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures a long service life of the device.

Title "Winchester"

• In 1973, IBM released the hard drive model 3340, which for the first time combined disk platters and read heads in one integral housing.
• When developing it, engineers used the short internal name “30-30”, which meant two modules (in the maximum configuration) of 30 MB each.
• Kenneth Houghton, the project manager, in consonance with the designation of the popular hunting rifle “Winchester 30-30”, proposed calling this disc a “Winchester”.

power unit

• Computer power supply designed to supply computer components with electrical energy.
• Its task is to transform mains voltage to specified values, their stabilization and protection from minor supply voltage interference.
• The main parameter of a computer power supply is the maximum power consumed from the network.

• A computer power supply for today's PC platform provides output voltages of ±5, ±12, +3.3 V.
• The following power supply standards exist:

• AT - the power switch is located in the power circuit and is usually located on the front panel of the case. Consequently, automatic switching on and turning off the computer is impossible. ATX - voltage is always supplied to system board. Supports power control based on a signal from a board that has a software interface for this.
• AT - the power switch is located in the power circuit and is usually located on the front panel of the case. As a result, automatic turning on and off of the computer is impossible.
• ATX – voltage is constantly supplied to the motherboard. Supports power control based on a signal from a board that has a software interface for this.

Optical drive

• Optical drive – electrical device for reading and possibly writing information from optical media(CD-ROM, DVD-ROM).
• Today most optical drives available with interface IDE/ATAPI.
• External drives CD-ROM usually done with an interface USB.

Optical drive

• The CD-ROM drive can only read information from the disc
• The CD-RW drive allows you to both read information from the disc and write it to the disc.
• The DVD-ROM drive allows you to read CD-R discs, CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW

Optical drive

• For DVD-RW drives There are specifications:

• DVD-RW JVC, Hitachi, Mitsubishi ; DVD+RW support companies Sony, Philips, Yamaha. Combination drives are available as a universal solution DVD±RW
• DVD-RW developed by a group of largest Japanese companies, including JVC, Hitachi, Mitsubishi ;
• DVD+RW support companies Sony, Philips, Yamaha .
• Combination drives are available as a universal solution DVD±RW

Monitor

• Monitor, display- interface of the “person - equipment - person” system. Converts digital and/or analog information into a video image.

Classification of monitors

• By color

• colored; monochrome.
• colored;
• monochrome.

• By type of information displayed

• alphanumeric – displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information; graphic: vector, raster
• alphanumeric – displays capable of displaying only alphanumeric information;
• graphic: vector, raster

Classification of monitors

• By structure

• CRT - based on a cathode ray tube (English CRT - cathode ray tube);
• LCD - liquid crystal display (LCD - liquid crystal display);
• Plasma - based on a plasma panel;
• Projection - a video projector and screen placed separately or combined in one housing (optionally through a mirror or a system of mirrors).

Keyboard

• Keyboard- a device that is a set of buttons (keys) designed to control a device or to enter information.
• This is one of the main devices for entering information into a computer.

• The keyboard has several groups of keys:

• Alphanumeric and character keys; Special keys; Function keys; Keys for cursor control; Service keys for changing registers and modifying codes of other keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift); Service keys for register fixation; Auxiliary keys.
• Alphanumeric and character keys;
• Special keys;
• Function keys;
• Keys for cursor control;
• Service keys for changing registers and modifying codes of other keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift);
• Service keys for register fixation;
• Auxiliary keys.

• The total number of keyboard keys is 104, however, the number of different signals from the keyboard significantly exceeds this number.

Computer mouse

• Mouse manipulator- one of the pointing input devices (eng. pointing device), providing a user interface with a computer.
• The mouse perceives its movement in the working plane (usually on a section of the table surface) and transmits this information to the computer.
• A program running on a computer, in response to mouse movement, produces an action on the screen that corresponds to the direction and distance of this movement.

Computer mouse

• In addition to the motion detector, the mouse has one to three (or more) buttons, and additional elements controls (scroll wheels, potentiometers, joysticks, trackballs, keys, etc.).
• First computer mouse(by Douglas Engelbart, 1963)

Mouse sensors

• Ball drive

• the movement of the mouse is transmitted to a rubberized steel ball protruding from the body. Two rollers pressed against the ball record its movements along each dimension and transmit them to sensors that convert these movements into electrical signals.
• mouse movement is transmitted to a rubberized steel ball protruding from the body
• Two rollers pressed against the ball record its movements along each of the measurements and transmit them to sensors that convert these movements into electrical signals.

• Optical mice

• Optical mice are made on the basis of a microcircuit containing a photosensor and an image processor. The photosensor periodically scans the area of ​​the working surface under the mouse. When the pattern changes, the processor determines in which direction and at what distance the mouse has moved. The scanned area is illuminated by an LED (usually red) at an oblique angle.
• Optical mice are made on the basis of a microcircuit containing a photosensor and an image processor.
• The photosensor periodically scans the area of ​​the working surface under the mouse.
• When the pattern changes, the processor determines in which direction and at what distance the mouse has moved.
• The scanned area is illuminated by an LED (usually red) at an oblique angle.

Future prospects

• In the next 10-20 years, most likely, the material part of processors will change, due to the fact that the technological process will reach the physical limits of production.
• Perhaps it will be:

• Quantum computers Molecular computers
• Quantum computers
• Molecular computers

• It is likely that over time it will be necessary to change and information part processors, that is, to move from binary processors on binary flip-flops to ternary processors on ternary flip-flops and, probably, to e-processors with a radix number system natural logarithms, that is, the number e=2.71....

• as once, in the time of Napier, in logarithmic tables they switched to the base equal to the number e.